Design and Application of Battery Systems
Ken Arnold r 4/21/00(Primary and Secondary Cells)
The widespread use of primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries has resulted in a proliferation of battery designs, and the demand for higher performance energy storage. Recent advances in battery chemistry, such as metal hydride and Lithium ion cells, have increased the options available to the designer of energy storage systems. This diverse selection of battery technologies, coupled with improvements in manufacturing technology, power management, charging and control techniques, has increased the options available to the designer of energy storage systems. This seminar is intended to give the student a basic understanding of battery system design and application. The seminar covers two aspects of system design: battery chemistry and application design. The topics covered in the battery chemistry section include: chemical-energy storage theory, primary and secondary cell types, commercially available products, failure mechanisms, and safety considerations. Application design topics include system design requirements, maintenance, advanced charging techniques, performance optimization, support circuit design, fault condition handling, supervisory controls, and future trends in battery powered systems. Practical design examples are used to illustrate the concepts covered in the seminar.
After completing the seminar, the student will be able to specify the requirements for battery systems, select appropriate batteries, and design an integrated system from commercially available components.
Ken Arnold is President of HiTech Equipment Corporation, where he supervises the design and development of battery powered systems such as security systems, pagers, and communications devices employing primary and secondary energy storage systems. Mr. Arnold is an instructor of Electrical and Computer Engineering courses at the University of California at San Diego, Extended Studies, where he has instructed eight different courses since 1982. Mr. Arnold is also a member of several curriculum development committees at UCSD. Mr. Arnold is author of the text "Embedded Controller Design," as well as numerous papers. He is also listed in "Who's Who in California."
Design and Application of Battery Systems
PART I -- Battery Design and Characteristics
1 Introduction
Background
Terminology
History
Taxonomy
Primary vs. Secondary Cells
Chemistry
Performance
Maintenance
2 Basic Electrochemistry
Electrochemical Activity
Electrolytes
Electrodes
Anode and Cathode Discharge Reactions
Charging Reactions
Secondary Chemical Reactions
3 Primary and Secondary Cells
Primary Cells
Carbon/Manganese Dioxide Zinc
Alkaline
Lithium
Mercury
Silver
Zinc/Air
Secondary Cells
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium
Metal Hydride
4 Mechanical Construction
Electrodes
Barriers
Safety Mechanisms
5 Examples of Commercially Available Batteries
Applications
Manufacturers
Comparative Performance
Capacity
Density
Life
Cost
Example Battery Designs
6 Wear-out & Failure Mechanisms
Operating Lifetime
Deep Discharge
High Temperature Charging
Over Charging
Failure Modes
Cell Reversal
Shorted electrodes
Recovery
Venting
Overcharge
Over Temperature
High Temperature Charging Effects
Charge "Memory"
7 Safety Aspects
Storage
Operating
Discharge
Charge
Venting
Hazardous Materials
Disposal
Recycling
PART II -- Battery Operated System Design and Application
1 Systems Design
Specifying the Storage System Requirements
Battery Technology Selection
Design Considerations
Supervisory Circuits
Applications
Examples
2 Simple Charging Circuits
Constant Voltage
Constant Current
Isolation from Charging Source
3 Maintenance and Charging
Operating Temperature Effects
Charging Temperature Effects
Parametric Variations
Manufacturing Variations
Operating Life Variations
4 Charge and Discharge Cycles
Discharge Rate vs. Capacity Interaction
Temperature Effects on Cell Capacity
Normal Charge
Trickle Charging
High Charge Rate
5 Theoretical vs. Practical Performance
Output Voltage
Capacity
Energy Capacity (energy/mass)
Volumetric Efficiency (energy/volume)
Peak Output Current Limitations
Maximum Charging Current Limitations
6 Power Conversion Circuits
Voltage Conversion
Voltage Inverters
Power Source & Load Switching
Switching Supply Designs
Circuit Design Tools and Methods
Applications
7 Advanced Charging Circuits and Algorithms
Constant Current - Constant Voltage
Cell Temperature
Negative dV/dt
Pulsed
Charge Discharge
Intelligent Charging
8 Fault Detection and Prevention
Deep Discharge
High Temperature Charging
Over Charging
Failure Modes
Fault Tolerance & Redundancy
9 Design Examples
Portable Phones and Computers
Energy Density
Outdoor Power Source
Security
Solar Array Requirements
Environmental Requirements
Hybrid Power Systems
Un-interruptible Power Supplies
10 Summary
Battery Chemistry
Selection Criteria
Making the Decision
Charging Systems
11 Future Trends
Battery Technology
Power Conversions
Market Demands